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Chronic ankle instability is persistent pain on the outside of your ankles, usually occurs after you suffer from an ankle sprain that is not healed completely. The pain typically will appear whenever you engage in some kind of physical activity & often lead you to feel instability on your ankle area while applying weight.

What are the parts of the ankle?

Ankle joint is made of up of two bones of lower leg namely “tibia” & “fibula” and first bone of your foot is called as talus. These bony structures are stabilized by ligaments and tendons. Your outer part of the ankle is supported by Lateral collateral ligament, your inner part of the ankle is supported by Medial collateral ligament.

What is ankle sprain?

The tissues which connect bone to bone are called as ligament. When you sprain your ankle, one or more of your ligaments are stretched or torn, causing damage to the ligaments & tendons around the ankle. Tendon is the part of the muscle which is directly connected to the bone.  20% of the people who had an ankle injury may develop chronic ankle instability if it’s not taken care of.

How does the ankle instability feel like?

• Pain on the outside of your ankle
• Tenderness around the ankle
• The feeling your ankle is going to “give out.”
• Stiffness 
• Chronic discomfort and swelling

How is chronic instability is diagnosed?

To determine whether you have a chronic ankle instability the orthopedic doctor especially foot and ankle doctor, will ask your duration of the symptoms, and we will conduct detained physical examination which includes some kind of special tests and functional tests, if required he may order for imaging (X-ray/Ultrasound/MRI) studies for your ankle. Based on the collective information chronic instability is diagnosed.

How is the chronic ankle instability treated?

Most of the time chronic ankle instability is treated without surgery. In severe cases of ankle instability doctor may recommend for surgery which is minimally invasive procedure, which is often done as a day care surgery (on the same day of surgery you can go home).

When should you consider Surgery?

• When the ligament is stretched beyond the point of physiological limit.
• Complete rupture of the ligament.
• Presence of loose body within the joint.
• Excessive amount of damage to joint surface (Articular cartilage)

What is the conservative management for chronic ankle instability?

• Anti-inflammatory medicine
• Physical therapy
• Bracing.

What is the role of Physiotherapy in chronic ankle instability?

Physical therapist will assess other joints of your involved leg like hip and knee to identify if there are any contributing factors from these uninvolved joints caused your initial ankle sprain. Studies suggest that weakness of the hip muscles is one of the leading causes for ankle injuries in professional athletes and in common population as well.

After the detailed assessment your Physiotherapist will decide your plan of care based on your activity levels, and goal to be attained in general therapy plan can be divided as pain management and graded exercise program.

What is the pain management delivered by the physiotherapist?

• Soft tissue massage.
• Joint mobilization.
• Laser therapy.
• TECAR therapy.

Usually pain management treatments are based on the structures (Ligaments/Tendon/Articular surface) involved.

What kind of exercises you will do?

Exercise program is based on extend of your injury, your activity level before the injury and what are your goals – like getting back to any kind of sports are activity. Usually, it’s ranging from basic range of motion exercises, flexibility exercises, strengthening exercises and proprioception exercises (exercises to regain the joint control).

The most important thing to remember is the torn ligaments in your ankle need to heal, so you need to rest from any activity that might be aggravating your pain. 

Kidney cancer is a disease in which malignant (cancer) cells form in the tissues of the kidney. The majority of cases are non-metastatic, meaning they cannot spread to other parts of the body. However, metastatic kidney cancer can develop into a more dangerous form called renal carcinoma.

Symptoms of Kidney Cancer

Symptoms may include:

• Blood in the urine that is pink or red
• Pain or a lump in the lower back, abdomen, or groin
• Fatigue
• Fevers
• Weight loss
• A urine test showing protein levels that are high or low

Causes and Risk Factors of Kidney Cancer

The cause of kidney cancer isn’t known. Still, researchers think it’s related to a combination of factors, including age, family history, genetics, and environmental factors like exposure to certain chemicals or radiation. It is often diagnosed at an advanced stage because it usually does not cause noticeable symptoms until it has spread to other parts of the body.

Several risk factors increase your likelihood of developing kidney cancer. These include,

Age: People older than 50 years old have a higher risk of getting kidney cancer than younger adults.

Gender: Men are more likely to develop this type of cancer than women.

Diagnosis

A diagnosis of kidney cancer requires a biopsy (the removal of a small amount of tissue for examination under a microscope). This can be done with needle aspiration (sample collected by inserting a needle into the kidney), open surgery, or laparoscopic surgery.

When a doctor suspects that you have the condition, they will perform a physical examination and may order blood tests to check for signs of inflammation or infection in your kidneys. If there are no signs of these complications, you may then undergo imaging tests such as CT scans or MRIs.

These tests provide detailed images of your kidneys, bladder, and other organs. Once your doctor has reviewed all available information about your symptoms and medical history, along with any imaging results, they will determine whether or not you require further treatment, such as chemotherapy or radiation therapy.

Treatment

The condition may be treated by surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, or immunotherapy (where the immune system is used to fight cancer). Some patients may receive a combination of these treatments. Surgery may involve removing part or all of the kidney or an entire lobe (half) of one or both kidneys. Chemotherapy uses drugs to kill cancer cells or stop them from growing and dividing. Radiation therapy uses high-energy beams from machines outside the body to destroy tumors in or near the kidneys. Immunotherapy uses medications that help stimulate your immune system so it can fight off cancer cells more effectively than usual.

Burjeel Medical City Abu Dhabi provides the most advanced treatments available for your condition. Our team of leading experts, including nephrologists, surgeons, pathologists, oncologists, and radiologists, have years of experience treating kidney cancer and have helped many patients achieve positive outcomes.

Cervical cancer is a disease of the cervix, which is a part of the female reproductive system. Changes in the cells of the cervix cause it. The cervix is made up of two parts: the endocervical canal and the exocervical or ectocervical region. The endocervical canal is lined with mucus-secreting epithelium and connects to the uterus (womb). The exocervical or ectocervical region has no tissue between it and the vagina (birth canal). Cancer can develop in either part of the cervix. The most common form starts at the surface layer of cells lining the exocervical or ectocervical area. This type is called squamous cell carcinoma and accounts for about 90% of all cervical cancers. The other 10% start at deeper levels in this area, where they are harder to detect because they don’t show up on routine Pap tests or visual examinations by doctors during pelvic examinations.

Symptoms of Cervical Cancer

There are a number of symptoms that may indicate cervical cancer in women. These include:

• Discharge from the vagina
• Bleeding between periods or after sex
• Pain during intercourse
• Feeling of pressure in the pelvis or lower back
• Pain in legs or pelvis
• Painful urination

Causes and Risk Factors of Cervical Cancer

It is caused by changes to the DNA in cervical cells. The main risk factor is human papillomavirus (HPV).

HPV is a common virus that can infect the skin and mucous membranes, including those of the cervix. Most people with HPV do not develop symptoms or health problems from it.

However, over time some women with persistent HPV infections may develop cervical cancer. It can also be caused by other factors, including:

Smoking increases your risk of developing cervical cancer and other types of cancers.

Having a weakened immune system: If you have an immune deficiency or have undergone organ transplantation surgery, the risk of developing cervical cancer is higher than average.

Prevention of Cervical Cancer

The best way to prevent cervical cancer is to get your Pap test and HPV vaccine on schedule, and to have regular checkups with your doctor.

Diagnosis

The diagnosis of cervical cancer is made by a combination of physical examination and laboratory tests. The doctor will perform a pelvic examination to look for any abnormalities, including lumps or discharge. In addition, he or she may perform a Pap test to look for abnormal cells in the cervix. If these tests are inconclusive, additional tests may be performed.

The following are common methods used to diagnose cervical cancer: Pap smear: A sample of cells from the cervix is collected with a brush or spatula and examined under a microscope for abnormalities; this helps determine if further testing is needed.

Colposcopy: A device called a colposcope is used to magnify the cervix; this allows the doctor to see any abnormal areas more clearly.

Endocervical Curettage: A small amount of tissue from the lining of the uterus (endocervix) is removed with a spoon-shaped instrument called a curette; this is done when other tests are not conclusive enough to determine if there are abnormal cells present on the surface of your cervix.

Laser Biopsy: This procedure uses high-intensity light energy (laser) to remove suspicious areas that may contain cancerous cells from your cervix.

Treatment

The treatment of cervical cancer depends on the stage at which it is diagnosed. If a precancerous lesion (called dysplasia) is detected, it can be treated with laser ablation or cryotherapy. If the cancer is discovered at an early stage, it can be treated with surgery to remove the cancerous tissue and surrounding lymph nodes, as well as chemotherapy and radiation therapy.

Advanced cervical cancer can be treated with chemotherapy, radiation therapy, and/or surgery. Surgical options include radical hysterectomy (removal of the uterus), radical trachelectomy (removal of uterus plus cervix), radical parametrectomy (removal of uterus plus upper part of vagina), and pelvic lymph node dissection (removal of lymph nodes).

We at Burjeel Medical City provide the best treatment for Cervical Cancer. We have a team of experienced gyneco-oncologists who are specialized in treating this disease. We also have the latest technology and equipment to ensure the best possible results.

Prostate cancer is one of the most common cancers in men. The prostate is a gland that makes some of the fluid that helps to nourish and transport sperm. Prostate cancer starts when cells in the prostate grow abnormally and crowd out normal tissue. The tumor grows slowly at first, but as it gets bigger, it can damage nearby tissues, causing pain and other problems. Most prostate cancers grow slowly and do not spread to other parts of the body. But some are aggressive and have a high chance of spreading to other organs, such as the bones and lymph nodes.

Symptoms of Prostate Cancer

The most common signs are:

• Difficulty urinating, either dribbling or a weak flow
• A feeling that you have to urinate more often than usual
• Pain or burning while urinating
• Blood in your urine or semen

Causes of Prostate Cancer

It’s estimated that more than 40% of men will develop prostate cancer at some point. The causes of prostate cancer are not well understood, but researchers have found that certain factors can increase a man’s risk of developing it. These include

Age: As men get older, their risk of developing increases. It is more common in men over the age of 50.

Diet: Eating a diet high in red meat or dairy products may increase your risk.

Family History: If a close relative has been diagnosed with the condition, you’re at higher risk for developing it yourself.

Infection: Infection by the sexually transmitted virus HPV increases your risk of developing both low-grade and high-grade prostate cancers.

Diagnosis

Prostate cancer is diagnosed by a combination of physical examination, blood tests, and biopsies.

Physical Examination. The doctor will examine the prostate for swelling, lumps, or other abnormalities. The doctor may also order a digital rectal exam (DRE) to check the prostate for lumps and abnormalities.

Blood Tests Determine elevated levels of PSA (prostate-specific antigen) and DRE2-3 (a protein produced by many cancers).

Digital Rectal Exam (DRE) may also be performed to identify any abnormalities in the prostate.

Biopsy. The diagnosis of prostate cancer can be confirmed with a biopsy of tissue samples taken from your prostate gland during an examination known as a transrectal ultrasound guided needle biopsy (TRUS-NB). This procedure involves inserting an ultrasound probe into your rectum so that the doctor can see inside your body and guide a thin needle over your prostate gland.

Treatment

Treatment of prostate cancer varies based on the disease’s stage and the patient’s age. Treatment options include surgery, radiation therapy, hormone therapy, and chemotherapy. 

Radiation therapy is used for patients with early-stage disease that has not spread to local lymph nodes and for patients with advanced-stage disease that is confined to the prostate gland. In external beam radiation therapy (EBRT), a machine directs a beam of high-energy radiation at the tumor from outside the body. 

Brachytherapy involves placing radioactive seeds directly inside or around the tumor. 

Hormone therapy involves taking drugs such as luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone agonists (LHRH agonists) or antiandrogens to stop testosterone production in men who have advanced prostate cancer. The goal of hormonal treatment is to reduce levels of testosterone circulating in the bloodstream so that tumors do not grow as quickly as they would if testosterone levels were normal. 

Chemotherapy may be used alone or in combination with other treatments, such as surgery or radiation therapy, to treat advanced prostate cancer that has spread beyond its primary location (metastatic).

Surgery for Prostate Cancer

Surgery for prostate cancer involves removing the prostate gland or part of it. This surgery is called radical prostatectomy (RP). There are two types of RPs: open and robotic-assisted laparoscopic. The type of surgery you have depends on your tumor size and location, age, and other factors.

Radical prostatectomy is a surgical procedure to remove the prostate gland, including some surrounding tissue and lymph nodes. The surgeon makes an incision in the lower abdomen and removes the prostate gland through that opening. A catheter may be inserted into the urethra so urine can flow freely afterward. The surgeon then repairs any damage done during surgery, closes the incision, and stitches up any remaining skin openings on each side of the scrotum (in males).

At Burjeel Medical City, Abu Dhabi, we are dedicated to providing the best possible care for patients with prostate cancer. Our experienced team of uro-oncologists is committed to providing the highest quality of care and treatment for our patients. We understand the importance of providing comprehensive care for prostate cancer and are dedicated to providing the best possible outcomes for our patients. With our cutting-edge technology and expertise, we strive to provide the best possible care for our patients and ensure that they have the best chance.

Lung cancer occurs when abnormal cells in the lungs divide uncontrollably and form tumors. These tumors can block airflow to the lungs, making breathing difficult for people with the condition. It most often develops in the tissues of the bronchi, which are the airways that carry oxygen-rich air from your mouth to your lungs. It can also develop in other parts of the lung, including the pleura (the lining between your lungs and chest wall), alveoli (small sacs where oxygen is exchanged for carbon dioxide), lymph nodes within the chest cavity, or space in between the lungs.

Symptoms of Lung Cancer

The symptoms are similar to those of other illnesses, so it can be difficult to tell if you have the condition. The most common symptoms include:

• Changes in your cough
• Chest pain, which may be worse when you breathe deeply
• Shortness of breath, which may be worse when you lie down
• Blood in your phlegm (spit) or coughing up blood

Causes of Lung Cancer

It is the second most common type of cancer in the world, and it is the leading cause of cancer-related death. It’s also one of the most preventable cancers: quitting smoking lowers your risk by 50%. But what are some other causes of lung cancer? Here are some of the more common ones:

• Exposure to secondhand smoke
• Radon gas exposure
• Air pollution (including particulate matter)
• Diesel exhaust fumes

Diagnosis

It is diagnosed by a combination of physical examination, imaging, and biopsy. Imaging tests include chest X-rays, CT scans, MRI scans, PET scans, and ultrasounds. These tests will show whether or not you have any tumors in your lungs. Finally, a biopsy is performed to confirm the presence of lung cancer. A sample of tissue is taken from the tumor under local anesthesia.

Treatment

Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide. The five-year survival rate for lung cancer patients is only 16 percent. There are several types of treatment, including surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, and targeted therapy.

Surgery is used to remove tumors in the lung or nearby lymph nodes.

Chemotherapy uses drugs to kill cancer cells or stop them from growing.

Radiation therapy uses high-energy rays to destroy cancer cells. Targeted therapy uses drugs that block the growth and spread of cancer cells. The best treatment depends on your age, health, and type of lung cancer. If you or your loved ones have lung cancer, talk with your doctor about the best treatment options for you.

Burjeel Medical City, Abu Dhabi, is one of the leading cancer treatment centers in the Middle East. The hospital offers a wide range of treatment options for lung cancer patients, including surgery and radiation therapy. The center also offers advanced diagnostic technologies, such as CT and MRI scans, to identify the stage of your cancer.

Liver cancer is a disease in which malignant (cancerous) cells form in the liver. The word “liver” can also refer to other abdominal organs that perform similar functions, including the gallbladder, stomach, and pancreas. Liver cancer may also be called hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), which means “cancer of the liver.” The liver is a large gland in the upper right of the abdomen. It performs many functions, including detoxifying blood, producing bile to help digest fats, and storing vitamins A and D. The liver also helps regulate blood sugar (glucose) levels by converting excess glucose into glycogen for storage in muscles or fat cells.

Symptoms of Liver Cancer

The symptoms depend on the stage of cancer. In general, symptoms include:

• Vomiting (nausea) or feeling like you can’t keep anything down
• Jaundice (yellowing of the skin, mucous membranes, and whites of the eyes)
• Loss of appetite or weight loss -Fatigue or weakness

Causes of Liver Cancer

A number of different factors causes liver cancer. Some of these include:

• Hepatitis B and C infections
• Liver diseases, such as cirrhosis or hepatitis
• Alcohol abuse
• Cigarette smoking
• Obesity

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection accounts for about one-third of all cases of HCC worldwide and about 70% in Asia. Other causes include hepatitis C virus (HCV), cirrhosis due to alcohol abuse, and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD).

Diagnosis

It is diagnosed with imaging, blood tests, and biopsies. Imaging can be done with ultrasound, CT, MRI, or PET scans.

• An ultrasound uses high-frequency sound waves to produce an image of the liver on a monitor.
• CT scans use X-rays to create three-dimensional images of internal structures. MRIs use radio waves and magnetic fields to generate images of the body’s internal structures.
• PET scans use a small amount of radioactive material that attaches itself to cancer cells so the scanner can detect them.
• Blood tests check for certain proteins in the blood that may indicate cancerous tissue growth. These proteins include AFP (alpha fetoprotein), CA 19–9 (carbohydrate antigen 19–9), and CA 72–4 (carbohydrate antigen 72–4).
• Biopsies are performed on the liver tissue to confirm whether or not cancer is present.

Treatment

Liver cancer is a serious disease that can be fatal if not treated. The main goal of treatment is to cure cancer, but this may not always be possible. Treatment options depend on the type and stage of your liver cancer.

The main treatment options for early-stage liver cancer include surgery and chemotherapy.

Surgery may include a partial hepatectomy (removing part of your liver) or a liver transplant.

More advanced tumors may require chemotherapy or radiation therapy.

Liver transplantation is an option for patients who have a liver tumor that cannot be removed by surgery or when their tumors have spread to other parts of their body. The surgery involves removing the patient’s diseased liver and replacing it with a healthy one from another person or donor organ.

Experts in the Department of Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery and Transplantation at Burjeel Medical City (BMC), Abu Dhabi, treats patients suffering from liver, pancreas, and biliary system ailment.

Liver Cancer & Transplant Expert

Dr. Rehan Saif

Director of Transplant Surgery for Burjeel Abdominal Multi-Organ Transplant Program, Clinical Lead HPB Surgery, Consultant General Surgery

Colon cancer is a disease that affects the colon, which is the part of the digestive system between the stomach and the anus. Colon cancer can occur anywhere in the large intestine (colon) or rectum. The colon is responsible for absorbing fluids from foods and turning them into waste. The most common type of colon cancer begins in cells lining the large intestine’s inner surface. This type of cancer is called adenocarcinoma, and it can start in any part of your colon. It may also affect other areas of your body, including your appendix, rectum, or blood vessels. These are called secondary cancers.

Symptoms of Colon Cancer

The symptoms include:

• Blood in the stool
• Unintended weight loss
• Persistent abdominal pain or cramps
• A feeling of fullness after eating only a small amount of food

Causes and Risk Factors

The exact causes are unknown, but research has shown that several factors increase your risk of developing it.

Age: Older people have a greater risk for developing colon cancer. This is because our bodies become less able to fight off germs and other things that can cause cancer as we age.

Gender: Men and women have different risks for colon cancer. Men tend to develop it at a younger age than women and are more likely to have hereditary forms of the disease. Women are more likely to develop colon cancer from environmental factors such as diet or lifestyle choices like smoking cigarettes and drinking alcohol heavily over many years, which can lead to chronic inflammation in the body (inflammation increases your risk for most types of cancer).

Family History: If your parents or other close relatives had colon cancer, you might be more likely to develop it yourself. Having Lynch syndrome (a genetic condition) also increases your risk of developing colorectal cancers because it causes changes in DNA repair genes that damage chromosomes over time, making cells more likely to divide uncontrollably when they shouldn’t be dividing.

Genetic Mutations: The genes that control cell growth may be damaged by aging or exposure to chemicals. These changes may cause cells to grow in an uncontrolled way and form a tumor.

Diet: A diet high in fat and red meat has been linked to colon cancer. Dairy products may also increase your risk of developing colon cancer. Studies show that people who consume more fruits and vegetables have a lower risk of developing the disease.

Lifestyle: Some studies suggest that smoking increases your risk of developing the condition, while others have found no link between tobacco use and this type of cancer. Obesity may also increase your risk for this type of cancer by causing chronic inflammation in the body.

Diagnosis of Colon Cancer

A doctor diagnoses the condition via a physical exam, blood tests, and imaging tests. The most common method of diagnosis is a colonoscopy, an endoscope that allows the doctor to view and examine the inside of the colon. A biopsy may be taken during this procedure to confirm or rule out cancer. A fecal occult blood test (FOBT) is another common method of diagnosing the condition.

Treatment

Colon cancer is treated through surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation therapy.

Surgery is the most common treatment for this type fo cancer, and it involves removing the affected area of the colon through an incision made in the abdomen. This type of surgery may be performed along with other procedures to remove any tumors that have spread into nearby lymph nodes or tissues, such as lymphadenectomy or a resection. If the entire colon has been removed, your doctor may recommend an ostomy procedure to create an opening in your abdomen so waste can leave your body.

Chemotherapy may be used to treat the condition. It cannot be removed by surgery or if it has spread to other parts of your body. Chemotherapy uses drugs that destroy cancer cells and stop them from growing or spreading further. Radiation therapy is often used after surgery to kill any remaining cancer cells in your body.

Radiation therapy uses high-energy rays to target tumors and kill any remaining cancer cells.

At Burjeel Medical City, our expert team of gastroenterologists, gastrointestinal surgeons, general and laparoscopic surgeons and oncologists provide treatment for colon cancer. We offer a range of treatments, from minimally invasive surgery to chemotherapy and radiation therapies. Our team can help you manage the symptoms of your condition and ensure that you receive the best possible treatment plan for your situation. We understand that dealing with colon cancer can be overwhelming, but we are here to guide you through each step.

Our General and Laparoscopic Surgeons

Hodgkin lymphoma is a cancer of the lymphatic system. The lymphatic system is a network of glands, nodes, and channels producing lymph fluid. The lymphatic system helps the body fight infection by removing bacteria and other foreign substances from the blood. It also helps fight cancers and tumors by making special proteins called antibodies.

It affects the lymph nodes and other parts of the immune system. It usually progresses slowly but can be life-threatening if it spreads to other organs like the lungs or bone marrow.

Hodgkin lymphoma is named for description by Thomas Hodgkin and his colleagues at Guy’s Hospital in London in 1832.

Types of Hodgkin Lymphoma

There are four main types: 

Nodular Sclerosing Hodgkin Lymphoma (NSHL) is a rare form of Hodgkin lymphoma with a distinctive appearance. It is characterized by large, solid tumors that are sessile and have no capsule. These nodules are surrounded by a thin rim of reactive cells, which can appear as a pale halo surrounding the nodule on CT scans. The lesions may be solitary or multiple and can occur anywhere in the body.

Nodular Lymphocyte Predominant Hodgkin Lymphoma (NLPHL) is a rare, aggressive form of non-Hodgkin lymphoma. A distinctive pattern of histology and molecular alterations characterizes it. Affected individuals are typically younger than those who have other types, and the disease tends to be more aggressive in its early stages.

Lymphocyte Rich Classical Hodgkin Lymphoma (LRCH) is a type of Hodgkin lymphoma that is characterized by an abundance of lymphocytes (white blood cells), which are the main component of the immune system. It is also known as “nodular sclerosis classical Hodgkin lymphoma” or “nodular lymphocyte predominant Hodgkin lymphoma.” The term “nodular” refers to the characteristic tumor nodules appearing in Hodgkin lymphoma. In contrast, there are fewer or no nodules in most other forms. Two types of LRCH exist type 1, which has a more favorable prognosis than type 2 and type 2, which has a worse prognosis than type 1.

Mixed Cellularity Classical Hodgkin Lymphoma (MCCL) is a form that has cells with both Reed-Sternberg and non-Reed-Sternberg features. It is more common in older adults than other types.

Symptoms of Hodgkin Lymphoma

The most common symptoms are:

• Painless swelling of the neck, underarms, or groin
• A fever that lasts for more than 3 days
• Night sweats
• Weight loss for no known reason

Causes of Hodgkin Lymphoma

The cause of this disease is unknown, but research has shown that it could be linked to genetics and lifestyle factors. In particular, a person’s risk of developing the condition increases if they have a family history of the illness or if they have been exposed to certain environmental factors like radiation or chemicals.

Risk Factors of Hodgkin Lymphoma

The risk factors include,

Age. Hodgkin lymphoma is most common in people between the ages of 15 and 30, with the highest rates occurring among those between 20 and 24 years old. While it can occur at any age, it is rare in children younger than 10.

Gender. Males are more likely to develop the condition than females. However, it is important to note that this difference may be due in part to the fact that men are more likely to seek medical care when they experience symptoms.

Ethnicity. Caucasians are more likely to develop the condition than Asians or African Americans.

Family History. People who have a parent or sibling with Hodgkin lymphoma have an increased risk of developing it themselves. In addition, there is evidence that suggests having multiple family members with the condition can increase your risk by two times compared with someone who does not have this family history.

Diagnosis

Tests and procedures used to diagnose the condition include the following: 

Physical Exam: The doctor will examine you, checking for swollen lymph nodes in your neck, underarm area, or groin. They’ll also check your skin for signs of infection and look at your body for any other abnormalities.

Blood Tests: A blood test can confirm the presence of Hodgkin’s lymphoma by looking for increased levels of a protein called LDH (lactate dehydrogenase). Chest X-ray: An X-ray can help determine whether you have any enlarged lymph nodes in your lungs or chest wall. It may also show signs of lung damage from cancer treatment.

CT Scan: A computed tomography (CT) scan uses X-rays to make detailed pictures of areas inside the body, including the lymph nodes. This test can determine if there are enlarged lymph nodes and whether they contain cancer cells. 

MRI: Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) uses a strong magnetic field and radio waves to make detailed pictures of areas inside the body without using X-rays. It can help doctors see tumors that are difficult for CT scans to detect. 

Lymph Node Biopsy: The doctor will use a needle to remove several small tissue samples from your lymph nodes for testing in the lab. In some cases, this may be done under sedation or general anesthesia so the procedure doesn’t cause pain or discomfort.

Treatment

Treatment involves chemotherapy, radiation therapy, and stem cell transplantation.

Chemotherapy is used to treat both stages 1 and 2 of Hodgkin lymphoma. The goal is to destroy cancer cells with drugs against fast-growing cells. Chemotherapy may be combined with radiation therapy or surgery to treat the condition.

Radiation therapy uses high-energy rays or particles to kill cancer cells. Radiation therapy may be used alone or in combination with chemotherapy to treat the condition.

Stem cell transplantation is used if your doctor thinks your disease has come back after treatment (recalled) or if you have advanced stage 3 or 4 Hodgkin lymphoma. Stem cells are immature blood cells that can become any blood cell in your body when they mature. Stem cell transplants replace your unhealthy bone marrow with healthy donor bone marrow.

Hematologists and Bone Marrow Transplanation experts at Burjeel Medical City, Abu Dhabi, treat Hodgkin lymphoma and other blood disorders.

Myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) are a group of conditions that affect the blood and bone marrow. They are characterized by abnormal production of blood cells (myeloid cells), which can decrease the number or function of red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. MDS usually develops slowly over time and may progress to acute myeloid leukemia (AML).

What are the Symptoms of Myelodysplastic Syndromes?

The symptoms of MDS can vary from person to person and may not be present in all patients with this condition. Some of the most common symptoms include:

• Feeling tired or short of breath
• Feeling weak or dizzy
• Bleeding or bruising more easily than normal
• Pain in your bones or joints
• Feeling itchy or tingling sensations in your arms or legs
• Feeling like you have a fever

What are the Types of Myelodysplastic Syndromes?

• Acute Myeloid Leukemia, or AML, is the most common type of myelodysplastic syndrome. It occurs when the bone marrow produces too many immature white blood cells, which can cause infections, anemia, and bleeding disorders. The leukemia cells can also spread to other parts of your body.
• Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia (CML)—This type of leukemia affects older adults but is not as common as AML. CML causes abnormal growth of white blood cells in the bone marrow. If untreated for a long time, it can progress into acute leukemia or another form of cancer called acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL).
• Juvenile Myelomonocytic Leukemia (JMML)—This form affects children under age 20. It is less likely than other types of myelodysplastic syndrome to be inherited from your parents’ genes because it usually appears without warning during childhood or adolescence without any family history of JMML or other medical conditions.

What is the Cause of Myelodysplastic Syndromes?

The cause of MDS is unknown. It can develop in people who have had previous radiation or chemotherapy treatment. Other risk factors include aging, having a family history of MDS, being exposed to certain chemicals or drugs, and having certain genetic conditions.

How is it Diagnosed?

Myelodysplastic Syndromes can be diagnosed by a number of different methods, including:

Blood tests: These are used to measure red blood cell counts and the number of platelets in the body. They may also check for white blood cells and other markers that can signal disease.

Bone marrow biopsy: A small amount of bone marrow is extracted from your hip bone, which is then examined under a microscope. If your bone marrow is unhealthy, it will show signs of myelodysplastic syndrome.

Lumbar puncture: This test involves inserting a needle into your spine to collect cerebrospinal fluid, which surrounds the brain and spinal cord. The fluid can be tested for signs of leukemia or other cancers in addition to myelodysplastic syndromes.

How is it Treated?

Myelodysplastic syndromes are treated with a combination of chemotherapy, radiation therapy, and bone marrow transplantation. The goal is to slow down or stop the progression of this disease.

Chemotherapy is often used to treat myelodysplastic syndromes. This type of treatment involves using certain drugs to kill cancer cells and shrink tumors. These drugs are typically taken by mouth or injected into a vein (IV). Some chemotherapy drugs can be given through an IV in your arm or hand before you go home from the hospital or doctor’s office after surgery to remove your spleen. Radiation therapy may also be used to treat this condition.

Radiation therapy is a cancer treatment that uses high-energy x-rays or other types of radiation to destroy cancer cells and keep them from growing back (recurring).

If these treatments don’t work, you may need a bone marrow transplantation. A bone marrow transplantation replaces damaged bone marrow with healthy bone marrow that contains normal blood cells.

Hematologists and Bone Marrow Transplantation experts at Burjeel Medical City, Abu Dhabi, treat Myelodysplastic Syndromes with the latest medical advancements

Multiple myeloma is a type of cancer that develops in the bone marrow or the soft tissue inside your bones. It’s a malignant (cancerous) condition that occurs when abnormal plasma cells grow and invade other tissues, including the bone marrow. The abnormal cells produce large amounts of immunoglobulin, which can lead to various symptoms.

What are the Symptoms of Multiple Myeloma?

The most common signs and symptoms of multiple myeloma are:

• Bone pain
• Fatigue or weakness
• Shortness of breath
• Fever and chills
• Loss of appetite (not related to nausea)

What are the Causes & Risk Factors of Multiple Myeloma?

There is no known cause of multiple myeloma. It is thought to be caused by a combination of factors, such as genetic predisposition, environmental exposure, and hormones, but several factors may increase your risk. These include:

• Age – Multiple myeloma is most common in people over age 50.
• Infection with Human T-cell Lymphotropic Virus Type 1 (HTLV-1) – A virus that can cause leukemia and other blood disorders; it’s found mostly in tropical areas.
• Family History – People who have a family history of multiple myeloma are more likely to develop it themselves.
• Exposure to radiation or certain chemicals

How is Multiple Myeloma Diagnosed?

A blood test, such as a complete blood count (CBC), can determine if your body has increased monoclonal immunoglobulin (Ig) G protein-specific antibodies. These antibodies are produced by the plasma cells that have been transformed into malignant plasma cells in multiple myeloma.

If the CBC determines that you have an increase in these proteins, your doctor will likely perform other tests. You may have a bone marrow aspiration and biopsy, which involves inserting a needle into your hip bone to remove some bone marrow for testing. This can help confirm the presence of cancerous plasma cells and determine whether they are located in areas where they shouldn’t be—such as the liver or kidneys.

Another common test for multiple myeloma is magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). This test creates images of your bones and soft tissues by sending radio waves through them so that they can be seen on a computer screen. An MRI can help detect tumors throughout your body and determine their size and location so that doctors can provide treatment plans accordingly.

How is it Treated?

Multiple myeloma can be treated with chemotherapy, targeted therapy, radiation therapy, and stem cell transplantation. Doctors will choose from these treatment options based on the patient’s medical history and type of multiple myeloma.

Chemotherapy is used to destroy cancer cells before they spread or return after treatment has ended. It does this by damaging or killing rapidly dividing cells that grow into tumors.

Targeted therapy uses drugs that target specific molecules involved in cancer growth or spread. These drugs may help stop cancer cells from growing or spreading so that they become less harmful to patients. Radiation therapy uses high-energy rays to destroy cancer cells.

Radiation may be used alone or combined with other treatments like chemotherapy or targeted therapy as part of your overall treatment plan for multiple myeloma.

Stem cell transplantation involves replacing some of your immune system’s stem cells with those from another person who has healthy stem cells but no history of cancer. Stem cell transplants are generally performed only when other treatments have not worked well enough.

Hematologists and Bone Marrow Transplantation experts at Burjeel Medical City, Abu Dhabi, treat multiple myeloma and other malignant blood diseases. They are also experts in bone marrow transplantation, stem cell transplantation, immunotherapy, and finding the best treatment for your condition.